How light-scattering PM2.5 sensors work
At present, the sensor optical methods for measuring PM2.5 include infrared and laser methods, and the laser is divided into turbidity method and particle counting (laser cutting) method.
1. Infrared and Turbidity:
Due to insufficient light intensity, infrared light can only be measured by turbidity method. The so-called turbidity method is that one side emits light and the other side receives light. The more turbid light in the air, the greater the energy lost, and the current air turbidity is determined. In fact, this method cannot accurately measure PM2.5. Even if the emission and receiving parts of the light are covered by the electrostatically adsorbed dust, it will directly lead to inaccurate measurements.
The sensors produced by this method can only be qualitatively measured (how much can be measured), and cannot be measured quantitatively (because the values ​​will float). What's more, this method can't distinguish the particle size of the particles, so the performance of using this kind of sensor will not be good. At present, this type of sensor has Sharp (the second generation is the same), Shenrong (this is the second generation of millet purifier use this), win-win and so on.
2. Laser method and particle counting method:
A lot of related papers are laser scattering methods, which do not measure turbidity directly. The common characteristic of this type of sensor is that it cannot be separated from the fan (or pumped) because the air cannot be measured if it does not flow. The suspended particles in the air, and through the mathematical model can be roughly calculated through the size of the sensor gas directly, the air flow, etc., through a complex mathematical algorithm, eventually get a more realistic PM2.5 value, this type of sensor is a laser scattering Immunity to electrostatically adsorbed dust, of course, if the sensor is blocked with dust, it is naturally impossible to measure it.
The disadvantage is that the lifetime of the laser is short. If it is continuously operated, it will be basically a lifetime of more than one year. This is the lifetime that can be achieved after the optimization algorithm of the manufacturer, but it is sufficient for most occasions, and if it does not run continuously The life of the laser can also be longer.
3. Beta ray method The Beta ray instrument uses the principle of Beta ray attenuation. The ambient air is sucked into the sampling tube by the sampling pump, discharged through the filtration membrane, and the particulate matter is deposited on the filtration membrane. When the beta ray passes through the deposition of the particulate filter. Beta ray energy decay, through the determination of attenuation can calculate the concentration of particles.
Beta ray particle monitoring instrument consists of PM10 sampling head, PM2.5 cutter, sample dynamic heating system, sampling pump and instrument host. The ambient air sample with a flow rate of 1 m3/h passes through the PM10 sampling head and the PM2.5 cutter to become a particulate sample gas that meets the technical requirements. In the sample dynamic heating system, the relative humidity of the sample gas is adjusted to below 35%. After the sample enters the instrument host, the particles are collected on the filter that can be replaced automatically. A Beta ray source and a Beta ray detector were installed on both sides of the filter in the instrument. As the sample collection progresses, more and more particles are collected on the filter, and the mass of the particles increases. At this time, the Beta ray detected by the Beta Detector will weaken accordingly. Since the Beta-ray detector output signal can directly reflect the mass change of the particles, the instrument finally calculates the particle concentration during the sampling period by analyzing the particle mass value of the Beta-ray detector and combining the sample volume collected during the same time period. When equipped with a membrane dynamics measurement system, the instrument can accurately measure particulates that are volatilized during this process, allowing the final report data to be effectively compensated, which is close to a straight real value.
4. Micro-oscillation balance method
The TEOM micro-oscillation balance method uses an oscillating hollow conical tube in the mass sensor and a replaceable filter at the oscillatory end. The frequency of the oscillation depends on the conical tube characteristics and its mass. When the sample gas flow passes through the filter membrane, the particulate matter is deposited on the filter membrane, the change of the filter membrane quality causes the oscillation frequency to change, and the mass of the particulate matter deposited on the membrane is calculated by the change of the oscillation frequency, and then the flow rate, the ambient temperature and the The air pressure calculates the mass concentration of the particulate mark during this period.
The micro-oscillation balance particle monitoring instrument consists of a PM10 sampling head, a PM2.5 cutter, a dynamic membrane filtration system, a sampling pump, and an instrument host. The flow rate of 1m3/h ambient air sample passes through the PM10 sampling head and the PM2.5 cutter and becomes a particulate sample gas that meets the technical requirements. The sample then enters the micro-oscillation balance monitor host equipped with a membrane dynamic measurement system (FDMS). The micro-oscillating balance sensor for measuring the mass of the sample in the main unit is a hollow cone with a fixed end and a filter at the other end. The tube, sample gas flow through the filter, particulate matter is collected on the filter. In operation, the hollow conical tube is in a state of oscillating oscillating. Its oscillating frequency changes with the mass of the particulate matter collected on the membrane. The instrument obtains the mass of the collected particulate by accurately measuring the frequency change, and then collects The concentration of the sample is calculated from the sample volume collected at these particles.
5, weight method
At present, the gravimetric method is mainly used for the determination of atmospheric particles in China. The principle is to use a sampler with certain cutting characteristics to extract a fixed volume of air at a constant speed, so that PM2.5 and PM10 in the ambient air are trapped on a known-mass filter, according to the difference in quality of the filter before and after sampling. Sample volume, calculate the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10. It must be noted that the volume of the denominator in the unit of ug/m3 for the measurement of particulate matter should be the volume under standard conditions (0°C, 101.3 kPa), and the volume under actual measured temperature and pressure should be converted into the volume under standard conditions.
Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is used on different occasions.
Stamping is a kind of process that obtaining the required shape and size of the parts by outside force on the metal sheet, strip, pipe shape material use mould and press machine, in order to produce plastic deformation or separation. Stamping and forging belong to plastic processing (or pressure processing), called the forging press. The mainly stamping billets are hot rolling and cold rolling steel plate and steel belt.
Stamping processing is a production technology that use of conventional or special equipment of the power, make the deformation sheet metal deformation in the mould. Thereby produce a certain shape, size and performance parts. Sheet metal, stamping mould and equipment are the three elements of stamping.
Stamping characteristics:
Compared with the castings, forgings, stamping parts have the thin, uniform, light and strong characteristic. Stamping can make other methods are difficult to manufacture, such as rib stiffener, flanging, ups and downs, or flanging products, in order to improve its stiffness. Because use precision mould, the precision of part can reach micron grade, and repeat precision is high, the specification is consistent, can punch a hole nest, convex sets, etc. Cold stamping generally no longer by machining, or only need a small amount of machining. Hot stamping precision and surface state is lower than the cold stamping parts, but it's still better than the castings, forgings, less cutting processing capacity.
The Advantage of stamping:
(1) The stamping process is high production efficiency, and easy
to operate, easy to realize mechanization and automation.
(2) The mould ensure the
stamping precision of the size and shape when stamping, and generally does not
destroy the surface of the quality of stamping parts , and the life of the
mould are long, so the stamping quality is stable, has the characteristics of
"the same".
(3) The stamping can produce the part that
size range is larger, more complex shape parts, such as small to stopwatch of
watch, big to Auto longeron, cover parts, etc., and stamping material hardening
effect of cold deformation, the strength and stiffness of stamping is high.
(4) Stamping generally has no chip broken
material, material consumption is less, and do not need other heating equipment,
it is a kind of machining method that material saving, energy saving, stamping
parts cost is low.
The process classification of stamping:
Stamping is mainly classification by process, can be divided into separation process and forming process. Separation process is also called the blanking, and its purpose is to make the sheet metal of stamping parts separated along the contour line, and at the same time guarantee the quality of the separation section requirements. Forming process is designed to make sheet metal occurred plastic deformation under the condition of not to break the billet, made into the required shape and size of parts. In the actual production, it is often a variety processes integrated applied to one part. Cutting, bending, shear, deep drawing, bulging, spinning, correction are the main stamping processes.
The conventional material of stamping part: Aluminum sheet like 6061,6063, stee alloy sheet like Q235, ST37-2, Stainless steel sheet like SS304,SS316;
The precision of the stamping part: ±0.1mm;
The thickness of the metal sheet we can do: 0.5mm~12mm;
The max size of the stamping part in my factory: 1mX1m;
Surface preparation methods: Powder coating, Painting, Plating, Electrophoresis, Polishing.
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