Overview of the beneficiation process
The ore dressing method mainly includes hand selection, re-election and flotation. Among them, there are more concentrating plants using flotation, followed by hand selection, and fewer re-election plants. A few concentrators use a single flotation process, and most concentrators use a combined process such as a hand-flotation process, a hand-re-selection-flotation process.
There are 25 selected factories in China's state-owned antimony mines, including 22 main antimony concentrates and 3 by-product concentrates. The comprehensive daily processing capacity is 6540t, and the main production selection plant is 4190t. Among them, there are three seats with a daily processing capacity of 1000t or more, two seats of 500t or more, 14 seats of 100t or more, and six of them of 100t or less. Single antimony sulfide ore processing are 11, 3 thioredoxin mixing process of antimony, antimony-containing multi-processing 11 metal ore. The main technical and economic indicators of mineral processing, in 1996 represented the technical and economic indicators of state-owned mining in the 1990s: 锑 锑 ore grade 1.78%, 锑 concentrate grade 24.29%, tailings grade 0.28%, ore dressing metal actual recovery rate 85.24%, workers in kind Labor productivity is 936.82t / (person • a). The commercial antimony concentrate obtained from the ore beneficiation should conform to the “Nbali Concentrate Quality Standard (YB2419-82) formulated by the national non-ferrous metal industry. The smelting methods of the antimony are fire and wet. Use of mineral raw materials, mainly sulphide ore (stibnite), followed by antimony-lead complex oxide ores and ore (mainly jamesonite). These ores usually use a beneficiation method to select rich ore and concentrate for smelting.
(1) The pyrometallurgical sulphide ore is volatilized or calcined or volatilized to make Sb 2 S 3 into Sb 2 O 3 (commonly known as helium oxygen), and then reduced and smelted and refined to become metal ruthenium. It is also possible to directly produce crude ruthenium by precipitation smelting.
(2) There are four methods for the production of helium oxide: 1 volatilization roasting of barium sulfide ore; 2 flash volatilization roasting of barium sulfide concentrate; 3 volatilization of blast furnace of sulphide sulphide concentrate; 4 smelting smelting of sulphur sulphide concentrate vortex furnace.
(3) Reduction smelting and fire refining Volatilization roasting and volatilization smelting produces less oxygen and contains little impurities, and is blended with coal and a small amount of soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ), which is reduced and smelted into coarse enthalpy in a reverberatory furnace. If refining is required, the soda ash can be continuously added. After the alkali is melted, the compressed air is blown into the mash to perform alkaline refining.
(4) Electrolytic refining is carried out by electrolysis to obtain high purity ruthenium and to recover precious metals and other valuable metals in the crude ruthenium.
(5) Precipitation smelting This method is suitable for the treatment of rich ore, and it is not suitable for the treatment of lead-containing ore. Small-scale production of multi-purpose crucible furnaces, large-scale production reverberatory furnaces, and some factory electric furnaces.
(6) The cerium oxide ore smelting is smelted into a rough blast furnace. The blast furnace has a large adaptability range and can handle refractory ore. The ore grade is not strict, and some sulphide ore is allowed to be mixed in the oxidized ore. Smelting iron ore, limestone flux, coke as the reducing agent, the crude output of antimony.
(7) Complex bismuth ore smelting This is a type of ore that is difficult to smelt. Guangxi Dachang uses fragile sulphur bismuth ore as raw material, roasting in a boiling furnace, reductive smelting in a reverberatory furnace, and producing crude alloys to smelt volatile sputum and smog. Reduction of smelting and refining to produce high-lead antimony and refined lead for electrolytic production of refined lead. After more than 10 years of production practice, it has matured and accumulated valuable experience for the treatment of complex bismuth ore.
Fire refining is a traditionally used production process at home and abroad. However, due to the serious environmental pollution caused by arsenic and sulfur during the smelting process, it is forced to apply a new wet process.
(8) Wet refining, sulphurized sulphide concentrate is leached with sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide solution, and strontium sulfide and sodium sulfide are formed to form sodium thioarsinate (Na 3 SbS 3 ) dissolved in water; The catholyte was subjected to electrolysis of a separator using a sodium hydroxide solution as an anolyte to obtain an electroythium containing 96% to 98% of cerium.
China has made gratifying progress in the research and application of wet refining. At the end of the 1980s, the "chlorination-hydrolysis method for the treatment of strontium sulfide concentrate to prepare bismuth white new technology test" has been formed in several enterprises, and the "new process for extracting sodium citrate directly from leaching solution" has also been studied. Used in production. The preparation of sodium citrate by chlorine (salt) oxidation has been used in production. Its characteristics are: strong adaptability of raw materials, antimony ore with high impurities such as lead can also be treated, and comprehensively recovering antimony and sulfur in raw materials, basically solving the problem of sulfur smoke pollution.
(9) Sb 2 O 3 is one of the main uses of bismuth. China uses fine refining to produce whitening and generally uses a reverberatory furnace. The fine sputum is put into a reverberatory furnace to be melted, and once air is blown into the sputum, and secondary air is bubbled into the liquid surface to completely oxidize the hydrazine vapor. After the cerium oxide is discharged from the furnace, it merges with a large amount of cold air, rapidly cools, and enters the dust collecting system, which is a high quality whitening.
(10) Raw oysters, ie pure Sb 2 O 3 for industrial use, are obtained by melting high-grade stibnite, which is needle-like crystal, also known as acupuncture. The sulphide sulphide lump ore is crushed to a particle size of 20 to 30 mm, and 1% to 2% of the soda ash flux is added to the reverberatory furnace. At 900 to 1000 ° C, the antimony trisulfide is melted out, the residue is removed, and the ingot is baked. That is, it contains oysters containing 71% to 73%.
There are 25 selected factories in China's state-owned antimony mines, including 22 main antimony concentrates and 3 by-product concentrates. The comprehensive daily processing capacity is 6540t, and the main production selection plant is 4190t. Among them, there are three seats with a daily processing capacity of 1000t or more, two seats of 500t or more, 14 seats of 100t or more, and six of them of 100t or less. Single antimony sulfide ore processing are 11, 3 thioredoxin mixing process of antimony, antimony-containing multi-processing 11 metal ore. The main technical and economic indicators of mineral processing, in 1996 represented the technical and economic indicators of state-owned mining in the 1990s: 锑 锑 ore grade 1.78%, 锑 concentrate grade 24.29%, tailings grade 0.28%, ore dressing metal actual recovery rate 85.24%, workers in kind Labor productivity is 936.82t / (person • a). The commercial antimony concentrate obtained from the ore beneficiation should conform to the “Nbali Concentrate Quality Standard (YB2419-82) formulated by the national non-ferrous metal industry. The smelting methods of the antimony are fire and wet. Use of mineral raw materials, mainly sulphide ore (stibnite), followed by antimony-lead complex oxide ores and ore (mainly jamesonite). These ores usually use a beneficiation method to select rich ore and concentrate for smelting.
(1) The pyrometallurgical sulphide ore is volatilized or calcined or volatilized to make Sb 2 S 3 into Sb 2 O 3 (commonly known as helium oxygen), and then reduced and smelted and refined to become metal ruthenium. It is also possible to directly produce crude ruthenium by precipitation smelting.
(2) There are four methods for the production of helium oxide: 1 volatilization roasting of barium sulfide ore; 2 flash volatilization roasting of barium sulfide concentrate; 3 volatilization of blast furnace of sulphide sulphide concentrate; 4 smelting smelting of sulphur sulphide concentrate vortex furnace.
(3) Reduction smelting and fire refining Volatilization roasting and volatilization smelting produces less oxygen and contains little impurities, and is blended with coal and a small amount of soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ), which is reduced and smelted into coarse enthalpy in a reverberatory furnace. If refining is required, the soda ash can be continuously added. After the alkali is melted, the compressed air is blown into the mash to perform alkaline refining.
(4) Electrolytic refining is carried out by electrolysis to obtain high purity ruthenium and to recover precious metals and other valuable metals in the crude ruthenium.
(5) Precipitation smelting This method is suitable for the treatment of rich ore, and it is not suitable for the treatment of lead-containing ore. Small-scale production of multi-purpose crucible furnaces, large-scale production reverberatory furnaces, and some factory electric furnaces.
(6) The cerium oxide ore smelting is smelted into a rough blast furnace. The blast furnace has a large adaptability range and can handle refractory ore. The ore grade is not strict, and some sulphide ore is allowed to be mixed in the oxidized ore. Smelting iron ore, limestone flux, coke as the reducing agent, the crude output of antimony.
(7) Complex bismuth ore smelting This is a type of ore that is difficult to smelt. Guangxi Dachang uses fragile sulphur bismuth ore as raw material, roasting in a boiling furnace, reductive smelting in a reverberatory furnace, and producing crude alloys to smelt volatile sputum and smog. Reduction of smelting and refining to produce high-lead antimony and refined lead for electrolytic production of refined lead. After more than 10 years of production practice, it has matured and accumulated valuable experience for the treatment of complex bismuth ore.
Fire refining is a traditionally used production process at home and abroad. However, due to the serious environmental pollution caused by arsenic and sulfur during the smelting process, it is forced to apply a new wet process.
(8) Wet refining, sulphurized sulphide concentrate is leached with sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide solution, and strontium sulfide and sodium sulfide are formed to form sodium thioarsinate (Na 3 SbS 3 ) dissolved in water; The catholyte was subjected to electrolysis of a separator using a sodium hydroxide solution as an anolyte to obtain an electroythium containing 96% to 98% of cerium.
China has made gratifying progress in the research and application of wet refining. At the end of the 1980s, the "chlorination-hydrolysis method for the treatment of strontium sulfide concentrate to prepare bismuth white new technology test" has been formed in several enterprises, and the "new process for extracting sodium citrate directly from leaching solution" has also been studied. Used in production. The preparation of sodium citrate by chlorine (salt) oxidation has been used in production. Its characteristics are: strong adaptability of raw materials, antimony ore with high impurities such as lead can also be treated, and comprehensively recovering antimony and sulfur in raw materials, basically solving the problem of sulfur smoke pollution.
(9) Sb 2 O 3 is one of the main uses of bismuth. China uses fine refining to produce whitening and generally uses a reverberatory furnace. The fine sputum is put into a reverberatory furnace to be melted, and once air is blown into the sputum, and secondary air is bubbled into the liquid surface to completely oxidize the hydrazine vapor. After the cerium oxide is discharged from the furnace, it merges with a large amount of cold air, rapidly cools, and enters the dust collecting system, which is a high quality whitening.
(10) Raw oysters, ie pure Sb 2 O 3 for industrial use, are obtained by melting high-grade stibnite, which is needle-like crystal, also known as acupuncture. The sulphide sulphide lump ore is crushed to a particle size of 20 to 30 mm, and 1% to 2% of the soda ash flux is added to the reverberatory furnace. At 900 to 1000 ° C, the antimony trisulfide is melted out, the residue is removed, and the ingot is baked. That is, it contains oysters containing 71% to 73%.
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